S. L. Pardue and F. T. Jones
Department of Poultry Science, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7608
The potential of a novel oxy-halogen compound (OHC) to alter early growth and nitrogen retention of broiler chickens challenged with Salmonella was evaluated. Three hundred and twenty female broiler chicks (Arbor Acres x Arbor Acres) were weighed and distributed randomly within a 2 x 4 factorial arrangement of treatments. Main effects examined were the presence or absence of Salmonella typhimurium (ST) inoculation and OHC treatment. At hatching, 80 chicks were placed in electrically heated brooder batteries in each of four identical isolation rooms. Chicks designated to receive 100 ml of an oral inoculum containing 105 ST cfu at 3 days of age were in two of the rooms, and uninoculated chicks were raised in the other two rooms. Four replicates of 10 chicks each received drinking water containing either 0, 0.05, 0.1, or 0.5% OHC for each level of ST. Chicks administered 0.05% OHC exhibited enhanced (p < 0.01) growth at 7 and 14 days of age when compared with control (p < 0.03) days of age. Feed utilization was improved (p < 0.01) by OHC administration (0.05 and 0.1%) from hatching to 7 days of age. The administration of OHC reduced (p < 0.01) nitrogen excretion and enhanced (p < 0.01) nitrogen retention by chicks at Day 7. Cecal ST log10 counts at 7 days of age for chicks given water containing 0, 0.05, 0.1% OHC were 4.72, 3.93, and 3.74, respectively. Oral administration of 0.05 and 0.1% OHC enhanced the performance of neonatal chickens. (Key words: oxy-halogen, Salmonella, growth, nitrogen retention, broiler chickens).
S. L. Pardue and G. H. Luginbuhl
Department of Poultry Science (SLP) and Department of Microbiology (GHL)
North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7608
The ability of a novel oxy-halogen (OHF) to alter the development of bordetellosis (turkey coryza) in large white turkey poults was assessed. Bordetella avium (BA)-infected (1-day-of-age) and noninfected control poults received 0, 0.008% or 0.016% of an OHF continuously in the drinking water. At 4, 7, 10, 14, and 17 days, reisolation of BA from infected poults was attempted. Infected poults receiving 0.016% OHF exhibited significantly lower cumulative BA reisolation rates (90%) when compared with infected poults receiving 0 (96.7%) or 0.008% OHF (100%). At 7, 14, and 17 days of age, infected poults in the OHF-treated groups were significantly heavier than those BA-challenged poults receiving control water. Feed utilization was significantly improved from hatch to 7 days of age in BA-infected poults receiving OHF when compared with infected poults receiving control water. Clinical symptoms were severe only in untreated, infected poults and were mild or absent in all others. Damage to the tracheal epithelium, as measured by scanning electron microscopy, paralleled the clinical signs. Tracheal epithelial damage was virtually eliminated by OHF administration in infected poults These results suggest OHF treatment ameliorates many of the symptoms frequently associated with bordetellosis in young turkeys.
Jaime Mullerat, N. Arlene Klapes and Brian W. Sheldon
Department of Food Science
Box 7624
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-7624
The biocidal activity of Salmide®, a sodium chlorite-based oxyhalogen disinfectant, was tested alone and in combination with 1.35 mM disodium ethylenediaminetetracetic acid (EDTA), 0.347 mM sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) or 210 mM trisodium phosphate (Na3PO4) against a nalidixic acid-resistant strain of Salmonella typhimuriumNAR inoculated onto fresh broiler drumstick skin. Following a 10-min exposure to increasing Salmide® concentrations (ranging from 27 to 81 mM) at 37 0C, the S. typhimuriumNARpopulation on the broiler skin was reduced by 57.3 to 85.2%. Each Salmide® test concentration applied in combination with 1.34 mM EDTA produced S. typhimurium population reductions in excess of 97%. A similar trend (93.1 to 98.2% reductions) was observed for treatments containing 27, 54 or 81 mM Salmide® and 0.347 mM SLS. However, when S. typhimurium was exposed to 210 mM Na3P04 along, a 99.5% population reduction was observed. This value was not significantly different from those obtained for treatments containing 210 mM Na3P04 and 27, 54, and 81 mM Salmide®.
In addition, 27 mM Salmide® was evaluated alone or in combination with 1.34 mM EDTA for the extension of broiler drumstick shelf-life. Based on the enumeration of mesophilic and psychrotropic populations, the combined Salmide® and EDTA treatment was shown to produce a slight extension in broiler drumstick shelf-life compared to an untreated control. Treatment effects detected by drumstick skin Hunter color reflectance measurements during refrigerated storage were inconsistent.
Salmide® and Aquatize® are different Trademark names of Bioxy Corporation for similar products and are composed of proprietary and patented mixtures of water, sodium chlorite, sodium chloride, sodium chlorate, sodium borate, sodium sulfate and hydrogen peroxide. A US patent describes them as “…a series of synergistic combinations of chlorine containing materials that are effective as microbiocides, virucides and sprorocides without utilizing chlorine dioxide itself” US 4, 880, 638.
M.A. Quershi1, R. A. Ail1, L. N. Thomas1 and J. Mullerat2
Aquatize® is Bioxy Incorporated’s patented oxyhalogen compound consisting of a buffered solution of several inorganic salts including sodium chlorite. A noted metabolite of an oxyhalogen chemical reduction is Tetrachlordecaoxide (TCDO) that has been shown to have immunomodulatory effects. In the current study, Sephadex-elicited chicken abdominal macrophages were exposed in vitro to varying concentrations of Aquatize®. For cell viability quantification, macrophages were seeded in 96-well plates and viability assessed by MTT-assay whereas adherent macrophage monolayers were established on glass coverslips for phagocytosis of E. coli in two separate experiments. A 1:500 (vol./vol.) concentration of Aquatize® was toxic to 1 x 108 macrophages at 3 or 24 hr exposure. However, the cell viability at 1:1000, 2000, and 5000 concentrations was similar to sham-treated cultures. Lower concentrations of Aquatize® did not affect substrate adherence potential of macrophages. While the overall percentage of Aquatize® treated macrophages phagocytic for E. coli was comparable to the sham-treated controls, 1:2000 and 1:5000 concentrations improved the number of E. coli per phagocytic macrophage (2.6 – 5.4 vs. 1.9 – 3.3 in controls, p <0.05). In vivo studies employed administration of Aquatize® to turkey poults via drinking water starting from day of hatch at 0, 1:2000 and 1:5000 final concentrations. Poults in both Aquatize® groups produced significantly higher Sephadex-elicited inflammatory cells (a 2-fold increase over controls, p < 0.05). However, the overall phagocytic potential of macrophages against E. coli at 3 wk was comparable between the treatment groups. Macrophages from 1:2000 Aquatize® group produced 1.4- to 1.7-fold higher (p < 0.05) nitrite after LPS stimulation over macrophages from unsupplemented group. Data from these studies imply that Aquatize® increases macrophage sensitivity to inflammatory stimuli thereby enhancing the first line of immunological defense in poultry.
Key Words: Aquatize®, macrophage functions, chickens, turkeys.